Why Was The Electoral College Made - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1141 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/28 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Electoral College Essay Did you like this example? The Electoral College was made for two reasons, the main explanation behind existing was to make a safeguard among people and the assurance of a President. The second, as a part of the structure of the administration that gave extra control to the littler states. The essential reason that the originators made the Electoral College is hard to see today. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Why Was The Electoral College Made?" essay for you Create order The establishing fathers feared undeviating choosing of the Presidency. They feared a tyrant could come control the overall populations viewpoint and seize add up to control. Portrayed in the federalist papers that The Electoral College was developed in Article II, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution. The Electoral College is the formal body which picks the President and Vice President of the United States. Each state has a similar number of voters in the Electoral College as it has Representatives and Senators in the United States Congress, and the District of Columbia has three voters. Right when voters go to the studies in a Presidential race, they truly are casting a ballot for the slate of voters vowing to cast their votes in favor of that ticket in the Electoral College. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 pondered a couple of strategies for picking the President, including decision by Congress, by the governors of the states, by the state congregations, by an extraordinary social occasion of Members of Congress picked by package, and by direct standard race. Late in the convention, the issue was suggested the Committee of Eleven on Postponed Matters, which considered the optional school structure in its one of a kind shape. This game plan, which met with unlimited support by the delegates, was melded into the last report with simply minor changes. It endeavored to suit differing state and government premiums, give a dimension of renowned interest in the race, give the less swarmed communicates some additional utilization in the process by giving senatorial b alloters, secure the organization as free of Congress, and all things considered shield the race methodology from political control. The limit and purposes of enthusiasm of how the Electoral College meets and how they vote was changed in the twelfth Amendment. Introductory, a talk of the main plan, portrayed in Article 2, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 3, by then what is different today: Each state picked different balloters identical to the amount of congress people that state had. Each state, by then, got something close to three voters (two Senators and no short of what one Representative). Balloters may not be a specialist or picked illustrative of the Federal Government. Each state was allowed to by and large pick whomever they wish to be the Electors for that state. Each casted a ballot for two people, something like one of whom was not a subject of their state. Those votes were then checked, and a once-over of each name and the amount of votes was stamped and guaranteed and sent to the President of the Senate. By then, before a joint session of Congress, the President of the Senate opened the vote checks from each state. These were totaled, and the President was the person with the most votes, if the count is a lions offer. If there was a tie, by then the people from the House of Representatives immediately took a vote and that victor was the President. The twelfth Amendment was supported four years afterward to dismiss any rehash of these events. The twelfth changes the Electoral methodology in several little, anyway basic ways. To begin with, as opposed to casting a ballot for two people, Electors vote for a President and a Vice-President. Starting there, the names are totaled at the state level, in two sections this time (one for the President and one for the Vice President) and sent along to the President of the Senate. By then, in joint session, all votes are opened and included, again two areas. The person with most of votes for President is then President. If there is no prevailing part, by then the best three vote-getters are threw a tally on by the House (with vague constrainments from beforehand). The choice must be made by January twentieth (at first March fourth in the twelfth Amendment, anyway changed by the twentieth Amendment), or the Vice President transforms into the Acting President, until the point that such time as the House can finally agree. States Dont Use an Electoral College to Choose Their Leader, Neither Should the Nation. I lean toward direct national race of our pioneer. I consider states vital and regard federalism, yet particularly as opposed to do most shields of the current situation. Consider the manner in which that each state picks its own pioneer break even with † its representative † direct: one individual, one vote. All votes are incorporated correspondingly, and close races related meticulously. America should copy this state-attempted model while picking the authoritative leader of all of us: the president. The manner in which that no state uses an Electoral College for its representative recommends that various standard disputes for the Electoral College † relate terrible dreams, conventionality for nation locales, etc † are makeweight. In case these conflicts were extremely steady, by then states are inept. Besides, states are not doltish. Actually, facilitate presidential race would equip state creative energy in stimulating ways. At this moment, states have insignificant inspiration to help throwing a tally. A state gets a pre-set number of optional votes paying little regard to voter turnout. In any case, in a prompt race structure, states with higher turnout would have more clout in the last check, giving state governments inspiring powers to empower throwing a ticket. States may do this assorted way † early throwing a poll in a couple of states; same-day enlistment in others; making Election Day an event in still extraordinary wards. Government oversight would be essential to keep state competition inside sensible breaking points, yet state ingenuity could drive a race to the best † law-based experimentalism and federalism doing what needs to be done. A couple of states are starting at now investigating distinctive roads with respect to an inventive course of action for future presidential races. Under the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact that has gotten constrain of late, states in the limited are promising that, if enough states finally join the transitory craze, these states will give their constituent votes to the national standard vote victor. Its an intriguing idea † in 2001 I skimmed a precursor of this course of action † anyway the present shape has particular wrinkles that ought to be settled. (Think about how conceivable it is that some noncooperating states decrease to hold suitable choices or mindful depicts. Envision a situation in which a couple of states cut down the throwing a poll age in absurd ways † letting 12-year-olds vote † to grow their clout?) To work commendably, strong government oversight would be required.

Is the Death Penalty Cruel and Unusual Punishment Essay

Capital punishment remains a cause for debate with people continuing to disagree on what cruel and unusual punishment consists of. Cruel and unusual punishment being defined as torture or a deliberately degrading punishment, in no way does the death penalty fall into this category. Having the death penalty in our society deters potential violent offenders from committing crimes, saves the government money, and guarantees that offenders will not commit these crimes again. The United States should use the death penalty because it is economical and continues to be a deterrent for potential offenders. Take into consideration that the Constitution states that life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness can not be taken away without due†¦show more content†¦When released they go back out in society and commit the same crime or a crime worse than before. Sentencing them to life in prison places other prisoners and staff at risk. When placed in jail knowing they have nothing else to lose with a life sentence, society has now let a murderer free in jail to murder at will. However, if released into society you now put an entire population of individuals at risk. Wesley Lowe, author of â€Å"The Morality of Capital Punishment:† on the â€Å" Pro Death Penalty Webpage,† states the following, â€Å"The recidivism rate for capital punishment is zero. No executed murderer has ever killed again. You can’t say that about those sentenced to prison even if you are an abolitionist†(27). Showing people that commit these atrocious crimes that this behavior remains intoleratable and that a punishment that fits every crime exists shows what is necessary to detour future criminals. If more criminals believe that they can be caught, tried and executed they will be less inclined to commit such heinous crimes. If we as a government do not execute murderers that in turn could have deterred other murders, then we have allowed the killings to continue and innocent victims to die. Lowe concludes, â€Å"The whole reason why nations and governments exist is to defend their decent citizens from vicious criminals. When it fails to do that, they become of little use to its citizens. When a society ignores theirShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Is Cruel And Unusual Punishment988 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty has been around for centuries. It dates back to when Hammurabi had his laws codified; it was â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth†. Capital punishment in America started when spies were caught, put on trial and hung. In the past and still today people argue that, the death penalty is cruel, unusual punishment and should be illegal. Yet many people argue that it is in fact justifiable and it is not cruel and unusual. Capital punishment is not cruel and unusual; the death penaltyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Cruel And Unusual Punishment1432 Words   |  6 PagesSome people think that abolishing the death pe nalty would cause criminals to commit more capital crimes. Although to some degree this is true, I believe that if a criminal is going to commit any capital crime his or her first thought is how can I get away with this? Most criminal may not even think about getting caught. For me this statement applies to the mentally ill convicts, which is one of the reasons why I’m against the death penalty. Besides the execution of an mentally ill person these areRead MoreDeath Penalty : Cruel And Unusual Punishment?1192 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty: Cruel and Unusual Punishment? Yvette Y. Rushing Northwest Florida State College Abstract The death penalty has been has been questioned about whether it is a reasonable sentence based on our 8th Amendment Right which protects us from cruel and unusual punishment. In the 1976, Gregg v. Georgia case the U. S. Supreme Court has chose to uphold the death penalty. The only way an offender can be sentenced to the death penalty is if they have intentionally taken the life of theRead MoreDeath Penalty Is Cruel And Unusual Punishment1706 Words   |  7 Pages1962 the Supreme Court thought that death penalty as cruel and unusual punishment. Because of this 107 people had their sentences changed to something that was not death. In November 1972 nine months after they had this choice the California electorate amended the state constitution overruled it. Then in 1973 the Supreme Court decided that the death penalty was unconstitutional. The California legislation was passed in 1973, which meant that the death penalty could only happen under certain conditionsRead MoreThe Death Penal ty Is A Form Of Cruel And Unusual Punishment1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty till this day remains to be a very controversial topic. Some people may argue that it should be considered a form of cruel and unusual punishment; others may rebuttal in saying that the death penalty is capital punishment. When visiting the idea of placing someone to death one must bear in mind the possibility of condemning an innocent person through such torture, the brutalizing effect on society it may leave, and the serious psychological trauma that a defendants family and friendsRead More The Death Penalty is Cruel and Unusual Punishment Essay examples1331 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty does not punish people for killing but for murdering someone. Murder is the unlawful, malicious, or permitted killing of one human being by another (Carmical 1). The slogan should be ?We execute people to show people that murder is wrong.? The death penalty is racist, it punishes the poor, it causes the innocent to die, it is not a deterrent against violent crime, and it is cruel and unusual punishment. The death penalty is wrong and it should be abolished. The death penaltyRead More Capital Punishment Essay - Death Penalty is Neither Cruel Nor Unusual1166 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty is Neither Cruel Nor Unusual A man sits immobile in a steel chair with a metal cap resting on his bald head. A priest reads selections from the Bible telling him he will go to Heaven if he confesses his sins to God. The man just smiles as the security guard pulls the switch, and one thousand volts of electricity flows through the mans body. His entire frame shakes in convulsions as his head bobs up and down with the shock. In a couple of seconds the mans life is over. The priestRead MoreThe Argument Of Cruel And Unusual Punishment1293 Words   |  6 Pagesnor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† Specifically, the idea of cruel and unusual punishment has been a topic of dispute since its inception. Although the United States practiced execution as a punishment beforehand, â€Å"the Supreme Court did not address the death penalty issue until 1972.† It is often debated how we are to define cruel and unusual because of the vague nature of the terms. Because it is thought that the terms were kept vague in order to keep up with new forms of cruel andRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment903 Words   |  4 PagesDeath Penalty Capital punishment have been a main debate on whether it is a cruel and unusual punishment and what it actually consist of. Even though the death penalty has been abolished in most of the western nation, the United States remain to practice the activity. The death penalty is perceived by an abolitionist as a form of cruel, unusual punishment. The idea comes from the fact that the death penalty deny the criminal their right to life. The judgment to execute criminals comes from governmentRead MoreThe Debate Over Capital Punishment936 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate over capital punishment is in regards to whether the death penalty contradicts the Eighth Amendment. If the death penalty does contradict the Eight Amendment, then the State should not have the power to sentence criminals to death for capital crimes. However, if capital punishment is not against the Eighth Amendment, then the State has the right to sentence criminals to death. In this essay I will first summarize Justice Br ennan’s argument on why the death penalty is beyond the power of

Think Before You Act Free Essays

Think Before You Act Everyday someone loses a person dear to them. You never know if it will be your last day here in this world. We all just live day to day and don’t realize tomorrow could be our last. We will write a custom essay sample on Think Before You Act or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s even worse when it could have been prevented. Choices we make can impact our lives and individuals around us. People say things happen for a reason, and that God has a plan for all of us. We won’t know the truth until something tragic happens each of us. June 24, 2011 was the day that I lost a close friend forever. I remember that day like it happened yesterday. You don’t forget days like that when your life changes forever. The night of the accident, a young man decided to leave a bar and drive with his blood alcohol content over three times the legal limit. He ended up driving the wrong way on the highway and collided head-on with another vehicle. Both drivers were pronounced dead on the scene. My friend was a victim of a drunk driver. He graduated from high school two weeks before his death. Not even eighteen years old and still had a life to live. Bryant Hernandez was an individual who left a mark on everyone he came in contact with. You wouldn’t think a seventeen year old would have a huge impact on people he came across, but he did. Bryant did everything he could to put a smile on your face. He seemed to always know what to say to cheer you up. I met Bryant when I was a senior in high school. Since I had to have an elective I ended up taking a child development class. Walking through the class I noticed that we were all girls except for one. He was sitting at a table alone and looking very uncomfortable. I would feel awkward to taking a child development class with a bunch of girls. Bryant looked in my direction when I started to approach him. â€Å"Do you mind if I sit with you? † I asked. â€Å"Well you are already sitting down so I guess I don’t have much of a choice. † Bryant said with a smirk on his face. I couldn’t help but laugh. I knew from that moment I was going to like having him in this class. Eventually it turned out to be one of my favorite classes. He was my go to guy for everything. Bryant knew how to make me feel better when things got tough. At the time small things like that weren’t that important. But now I would give anything to go back and cherish those moments with him. It’s been over a year since the accident and I’ve realized choices you make can have major consequences. When I was a teenager I made stupid decisions like the guy who killed my friend. I didn’t think about anyone else. All I cared about was having fun and living in the moment. I didn’t care when people told me not to drive home drunk. Well living in the moment doesn’t get you anywhere. You may get away with it a couple of times but eventually it will catch up to you. After his death I thought a lot about my actions. Watching his parents say there last words to him and how tired they looked, I couldn’t imagine what they went through and what they are still currently going through. I imagined how my parents would react. I can’t help but want to cry. It makes me sick to know how selfish I was when I was younger. Bryant’s death was a wakeup call for me and hopefully several others. Driving drunk will never cross my mind again. With everything I do now I take a moment to think about it and to make sure that it is the right decision to make. I know Bryant is looking down smiling and saying â€Å"About time you changed, you hard headed girl! † My friend may not be here anymore but him passing on made his family and friends realize things you love can easily be taken away from you in a flash. Selfishness is very common and realizing that our actions can affect our own lives and the people we love so dearly. If moments can be prevented then prevent them. Teaching others to think before they act can impact a lot of people from making the wrong decisions. In time everyone with have their own personal reality checks some faster than others. How to cite Think Before You Act, Essay examples

Meditation Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Meditation Persuasive Essay Websters dictionary defines meditation as to reflect on; ponder, to engage incontemplation, which it really is, although, many people believe that meditation is ameans of developing a more spiritual or religious life. Meditation does not necessarilyhave to be religious. Many people just meditate to relax or organize their thoughts. Meditation is a very broad subject since there are many ways in which to performmeditation. Not only are there many ways but, there are also many different religionsassociated with meditation. Not only is meditation good for the soul but, it is also goodfor the mind. I myself have experimented with meditation and have found it to be veryrelaxing and at the same time stimulating. One way to perform meditation is to first find a comfortable place to sit or liedown. Then you must have a precise, intense focus on one object. Follow and controlyour breath and note all of your body sensations or track the sequence of your thoughts. Second, be allowing to any thoughts that may enter your head. Be spacious and open-hearted. This is excellent for the mind. Another form that is good for the body is body relaxation. First lie on your backon the floor, a supportive bed or a couch. Close your eyes and rest for a moment. Waitfor a feeling of readiness. When you are ready to begin, tighten all the muscles that youcan, but never tighten them to the point of discomfort. Hold this for thirty seconds. Nextpay close attention to the sensation you feel and remember it. Then let all your musclesgo and allow them to relax. Compare the feeling that you are feeling to the one that youhad just felt minutes ago. After a few minutes repeat this but, allow your muscles to relax fora lon ger amount of time. Yoga, another form of meditation, teaches an eightfold path beginning with theacquisition of pure moral attitudes, proceeding through practices of breath control andpostures designed to allow a person to concentrate without having his or her minddistracted by outside forces. By concentrating on progressively more abstract conceptsthe person achieves higher and higher meditative states, culminating in a contentlesstrance that constitutes liberation. Yogis, people that perform yoga, in more advancedstages of this process are said to be gifted with remarkable powers , such as specialcapacities for sight, an ability to levitate and to project their minds into other bodies, andso on. Religion is a major factor in meditation. Many people meditate to grow more intune with their spiritual life. The religion of Taoism uses meditation as a way to find theway of harmony in life. Zen Buddhism uses meditation to see into your true nature andrealize enlightenment. Buddhism is another form of religion that is based on meditationthat is similar to Zen Buddhism. Buddhists use meditation as a way to release their innerillusion. Meditation is not used for religious purposes only. It may also be used to relax ordig deep into a persons soul. Meditation brings out the union of opposites. Due to thisthe yin-yang symbol is associated with meditation. Within the white there is black andwithin the black there is white. Both intervene. Some radical doctors will know prescribe meditation instead of pain kills or drugsto relax a person. They do this because meditation has no harmful side effects and canbe done by anyone. The only thing meditation can do is to help an individual calmthemselves and have clearer thoughts. Meditation has been found to improve mental health by reducing biochemicalindicators of stress, decreasing anxiety, and enhancing psychological development. InSweden the National Health Board conducted a nationwide epidemiological study thatfound that hospital admissions for psychiatric care for people that meditated was 150-200times less common to people that did not meditate. Increased intelligence is anotherbenefit of meditation. It has been found that college students that practice meditationover a two year period have a higher nonverbal IQ. .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 , .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 .postImageUrl , .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 , .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90:hover , .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90:visited , .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90:active { border:0!important; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90:active , .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90 .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucae52cfcfda05b19bc2490c808b3dc90:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Artificial Intelligence EssayAll in all meditation is a healthy practice to do. You should be aware of the manytypes of ways to do it and also be aware of the religions associated with meditation. Forit can only help your mind and also your body. Always remember to be steadfast andaccept imperfection in your practice. Psychology

The Establishment of an Immersion Program at a Prep Elementary School in Saudi Arabia

The rationale for the choice of the model The rationale for the establishment of the partial immersion program at an elementary school in Saudi Arabia is based upon the benefits of this model for the students’ cognitive abilities and proficiency in general and political and educational advantages of this model of bilingual education within a broader educational context.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Establishment of an Immersion Program at a Prep Elementary School in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After the disapproval of Separate Underlying Proficiency (SUP) model of bilingualism developed by Cummins in 1984, it was replaced with the Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) model (Baker Sienkewicz, 2002, p. 73). The underlying assumption of the SUP model that the acquisition of the second language is possible at the expense of the first, and the proportion of the student’s pro ficiency in the primary language decreases proportionally, has been recognized as erroneous. Thus, the visual illustration of the bilingual education representing the two balloons in the head of a student was incorrect. The CUP model assumes that the human brain has enough space for not only two but even more languages. The latter model illustrates the process of bilingual education in the form of an image of two separate icebergs with only their peaks which can be seen on the surface and a common area in which they are fused defined as central processing system. The main conclusion from this assumption is that regardless of the language used, the student’s thoughts are generated within this unified system and bilingual programs are valuable for enhancing the students’ cognitive skills. The peculiarity of the cognitive processes in the elementary school students is an important aspect which should be taken into account for rationalizing the establishment of the immersi on program at a prep school.Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is evidence that before puberty students can learn the second language as successfully as their native language because they use the same part of the brain for acquiring the materials from both languages (Baker, 2001, p. 9). The lateralization, which is defined as the process within which each side of the brain develops its specific functions continues until puberty. It explains the benefits of enrolling young learners into the immersion programs which would allow enhancing their chances for receiving a comprehensible input due to the relative simplicity of the curricula at this stage in general and developing a native-like accent in the target language. Along with the benefits of fostering the development of students’ cognitive skills, the establishment of the immersion program at an elementary school in S audi Arabia can have specific cultural and political advantages. On the one hand, taking into account the cultural context of the country is essential to teaching and interpreting language material, which is a powerful social instrument. In that regard, the studies of the Islamic values and Arabic culture are the compulsory elements of the educational program. On the other hand, taking into account the tension in international relations after the events of September 9/11, the establishment of a bilingual program could have positive political implications for the school. The immersion program can help achieve the proclaimed goal of combining Islamic and modern culture in nurturing the growing population.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The Establishment of an Immersion Program at a Prep Elementary School in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More English as the language of international communication p lays a significant role in establishing positive international relations and enhancing the students’ literacy can become a contribution to making the country’s perspectives in the international arena more optimistic. The establishment of the immersion program could be helpful for not only educating the specialists knowledgeable in English as the language of international communications and reducing the tension in Saudi Arabian relations with other countries intensified after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The events on September 11, 2001, fueled the criticism of Saudi involvement into the terrorist financing affairs and the country’s relative laxity in combating the terrorist groups on its territory (Blanchard Prados, 2007, CRS1). Numerous allegations regarding the ties between the Saudi officials and ordinary citizens on the one hand and the terrorist organization Al Qaeda with its leader the exiled Saudi terrorist Osama bin Laden, on the other hand, have been made in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. The accusations of Saudi involvement in terrorist financing were partially based on the extreme religious views in the country and the tradition of zakat as the charitable contributions from every citizen counting for about 5% of the individual’s income which are frequently anonymous and not adequately reported but are regarded as the religious obligation for Muslims at the same time. In that regard, fostering the teaching of the English language by establishing the immersion program in the elementary school can be considered as the sign of updating the educational programs, balancing the traditional cultural values, the universal humanistic values and the international culture heritage in the school curricula as the strategy intended to improve the Saudi international relations. Thus, the improved chances for better development of the students’ language competency and cognitive skills in general and positive cult ural and political implications of establishing the partial immersion program in the elementary school can be regarded as the significant benefits and rationale for introducing the bilingual programs into the Saudi Arabian curricula (Garcia, 2009, p. 104).Advertising Looking for coursework on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of the program’s contribution to the children’s language acquisition Along with the advantages is compliant of the bilingual education for the students’ cognitive development, the immersion program with the major principles of language acquisition in elementary school and can become a valuable contribution to the students’ language competency. Currently, the immersion programs are internationally recognized by educators and politicians as advantageous for not only students’ acquisition of the target language, but also enhancing their knowledge of the first language. There is evidence that in comparison to traditional education models, the immersion language programs provide additional opportunities for developing multilingual competence and gaining higher levels of communicative proficiency (Lindholm-Leary, 2001, p. 1). Acknowledging the cultural foundations of the language, it can be stated that immersion programs can not only enhance stu dents’ linguistic competence but also increase their cultural sensitivity. The early introduction of foreign languages gains expanded support from educators, business, and political leaders. The present-day language teaching techniques are characterized with the shift towards the proficiency-oriented instruction focused on the learners’ practical skills instead of their theoretical knowledge of the language rules (Ryan Cooper, 2010, p. 135). The shift of priorities in the language teaching models and the growing popularity of the immersion programs can be attributed to the advent of the concept of additive bilingualism. According to the theories of additive bilingualism, the introduction of the second language instruction not only does not hinder the further development of the native language competence but, on the contrary, complements it through comparing and contrasting materials in the two languages and enriching the cultural experience. It is significant to empha size the importance of creating the additive bilingual environment in the classroom enrolled into the immersion program instead of a subtractive program in which the introduction of the second language is conducted at the cost of the native language, replacing it (Baker, 2001, p. 307). The submersion approach can have some negative implications for the students’ performance and even their self-esteem. It explains the choice of the model of partial immersion model for Saudi Arabian elementary school, which would allow creating an additive bilingual environment favorable for enhancing the students’ language competence and communicative proficiency. The favorable classroom environment is significant for the students’ academic and personal development and can be created in the immersion programs due to the relative language homogeneity among the students. The early introduction of the second language and first immersion implies that all children are the beginners wh o lack the second language proficiency. In other words, there would not be any significant disparity between the students’ status regarding their second language proficiency which might be possible if some children were more proficient than others (Baker, 2001, p. 306). Another significant aspect to be considered in the early introduction of the immersion program is balancing the objectives of promoting the students’ second language proficiency and ensuring their overall achievement throughout the academic curriculum. Taking into account the importance of the elementary stage for the students’ academic performance in the future, the goal of developing children’s bilingual proficiency requires appropriate immersion teachers’ training for them to be able to balance the two sides of the immersion program without sacrificing any of the educational objectives. Along with the difficulties of creating an additive bilingual classroom environment and balanc ing the education objectives of enhancing the language competence and the academic performance, early immersion model predetermines students’ improved cognitive skills and better performance in the two languages. Based on the CUP model discussed above, according to which the competencies in two languages do not develop at the expense of one another, but instead go side by side and overlap in the area of the central processing system used for solving general problems and generating thoughts before expressing them in any of the languages. In terms of the central processing system, as it is outlined in the CUP model, the concepts which were learned in one language can be easily transferred to another language. The primary assumption of this model is that the two languages interrelate strongly during the immersion period and allow enhancing the overall students’ lingual proficiency and communicative skills (Baker Sienkewicz, 2002, p. 73). In other words, the early introdu ction of the second language not only does not deter the development of the first language skills but rather complements and fosters them. There is evidence that education program can be performed in one or more languages without any significant effects upon the level of students’ skills. However, it should be noted that the language used in the classroom needs to be well-developed so that to comply with the demands of the curriculum assignments. Otherwise, operating an insufficiently developed second language in the school can harm the student’s academic performance. In that regard, the early immersion program is advantageous due to the relative simplicity of the curriculum materials which would allow students to develop their linguistic proficiency at its fullest without reducing their academic achievements. Even though the significant idea of the CUP model concerning the integrated source of thought in bilinguals used for both languages is questioned by the Sapir-Wh orf hypothesis claiming that different languages provide different views of the world, it does not diminish the benefits of the immersion model for the students’ linguistic proficiency in both languages. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that different languages can influence the individual’s way of thinking through their varied structures, concepts, and discourse (Baker, 2001, p. 170). However, even assuming that different languages allow viewing the concepts under different angles, it can be stated that the acquisition of the second language would only extend the students’ views and enhance their understanding of specific issues. Thus, the translation of meanings across the languages of the program would foster the development of the students’ cognitive skills. Reasons for the content areas to be taught The main issues which need to be taken into account in developing an early partial immersion program for a Saudi Arabian elementary school include the tradi tional values of Muslim culture, the standards of academic performance for elementary students and the demands of developing the second language proficiency at the level sufficient for complete comprehension of the academic instructions provided in the target language. It is recommended to consider the rule of 5 Cs, including the aspects of culture, communication, connections, comparisons, and communities for developing a comprehensive language immersion program (Garcia Baker, 2007, p. 13). Thus, the modern principles of bilingual education need to be adapted to the needs of a specific community and compliant with the laws of Indigenous country. The innovative approach to teaching languages in the era of enhanced international communication needs to be connected to the traditional values of the local culture. Serious consideration should be given to the role of religious beliefs in the Saudi Arabian community and culture. Though frequently even criticized because of its extreme rel igious views, the Saudi Arabian culture would be incomplete if deprived of theological subject area which is essential to the studies of the social sciences and the students’ socialization. On the other hand, in the context of the current modernization course and the goal of balancing the indigenous culture with modern international perspectives and the objective of improving the global relationships, the religious elements should not be overemphasized in the program, but rather balanced with the rest of the educational course. A complex consideration of the principles of the 5Cs framework can be defined as the most appropriate approach to selecting the subject areas which need to be included into the curriculum of the elementary students and the choice of the language of instruction for each specific discipline in the partial immersion project which would allow achieving the goals of enhancing the levels of the students’ linguistic proficiency without reducing their a cademic achievements or neglecting their cultural or spiritual needs. Focusing on the aspects of the culture and community from the 5 Cs framework, the subject areas of Islam studies and cultural values need to be incorporated into the curriculum of the elementary school. Taking into account the role of the religious studies in the Saudi Arabian community, it should be noted that theological studies need to become an essential element of the school curricula. Whereas the partial immersion program implies using the two languages, and the Arabian language is critical to transferring the main concepts of Muslim culture to children. In that regard, the instruction in a native language is preferable for such subject areas as theology and native culture containing some specific concepts which cannot be translated into the second language due to the lack of free equivalents in a foreign culture. The choice of the subjects to be taught in a foreign language can be rationalized by the need o f shifting the emphasis from theoretical materials towards the actual use of these materials in practice. Taking into account the principle of the CUP model which is put into the basis of the partial immersion program and according to which the common processing mechanism is used by the students for generating thoughts before expressing them in any of the two languages, it would be reasonable to provide the instructions for the subjects which require significant thinking operations in a second language. For instance, such subjects as mathematics, art, and the basics of social sciences can be taught in English without any significant decrease in their academic performance. Because these subjects require enhanced thinking processes which are prioritized over operation of the language materials, it can be stated that the use of a foreign language for a partial immersion program would allow shifting the focus towards the involved content instead of concentrating on the observation of th e language rules. Thus, providing students with opportunities for expressing their thoughts in a foreign language not for the sake of training the language skills but for the purpose of solving concrete academic problems might be helpful for enhancing their linguistic proficiency. As compared to the observation of the artificial use of the language materials in the imitated learning situations in traditional language models, providing the instructions for math, art and other subject areas requiring enhanced thinking activities and based upon more or less universal terminology independent from the coloring of the local culture would allow improve the students’ language proficiency without reducing their academic achievements. Along with the 5Cs framework and the consideration of the cultural demands of the Saudi Arabian community, another significant issue which should be taken into account when developing an effective bilingual program is the peculiarities of the development of the cognitive skills and perception of the academic materials in students at a given time. This approach would allow taking the advantages of the natural development of students instead of suppressing the natural processes in them. Thus, there is evidence that the early immersion programs can have positive effects on the students’ listening abilities and the skills of oral production (Lyster, 2007, p. 12). For this reason, the listening and speaking exercises deserve serious consideration in most subject areas, regardless of the chosen language of instruction for them. Without concentrating children’s attention upon the general rules for operating the language materials of the second language, the early immersion programs allow developing language fluency in learners through training their listening, comprehension and speaking skills while solving particular academic problems (Khan and Aziz, 2011, p. 107). Taking into account the importance of the listening exercise s in the early immersion programs, it should be noted that the teachers working according to this model need to be not only enthusiastic about creating the bilingual environment, but also have profound language skills in both English and Arabian, close or equal to the levels of native speakers. The educators’ attitudes and prior training play an essential role in the development of the students’ linguistic and communicative proficiency (Lee, Luykx, Buxton, Shaver, 2007, p. 1270). Due to the fact that the introduction of an early immersion model into the curriculum of a Saudi Arabian elementary school presupposes significant shifts in the educators’ traditional views of the school curriculum and approaches to teaching foreign languages, sufficient training would be required for changing not only the elements of the curriculum and the language of instruction in specific subject areas, but also the teachers’ perception of the academic outcomes and the educa tional objectives. Moreover, at the initial stages of the introduction of a new program of bilingual education, teachers will have to pay special attention to the levels of the students’ second language comprehension which has to be sufficient so that not to deter the children’s academic progress. On the other hand, the academic assignments need to be challenging so that students could concentrate on generating the solutions for the specific educational programs before expressing them in any of the program languages. Regardless of the criticism of the early immersion programs for the lack of the language creativity (Donato Tucker, 2010, p. 88), this model can be beneficial for developing the students’ fluency in the second language, enhancing their competence in the first language and even improving their cognitive skills on the condition that the framework of the 5CS is put into the basis of the school curriculum, and the objective of enhancing the studentsâ⠂¬â„¢ linguistic proficiency is balanced with the demands of the academic materials and cultural needs of a specific community. Regarding the development of a complex curriculum for the introduction of an early partial immersion model in the Saudi Arabian elementary school, the instruction in a native Arabian language is preferable for such study areas as religion and culture, whereas the second English language would be appropriate for the education in mathematics and art. Summary of the most critical  points The rationale for the establishment of the early partial immersion program at an elementary school in Saudi Arabia is focused upon the benefits of this model for the development of the students’ language competence, language skills and the positive political implications within broader educational and social contexts. After Cummins’ SUP model of bilingualism has been disapproved, it has been replaced with an innovative CUP model. Rejecting Cummins’ assum ption that the acquisition of the second language is performed at the expense of the first language proficiency, the CUP model claims that the addition of the second language is beneficial for the child’s cognitive development in general. According to the CUP model, the integrated mechanism of generating thoughts is used by students for solving the academic problems before expressing the achieved solutions in any of the program languages. Regardless of the recent tendency to reject the primary assumption of the CUP model concerning the integrated mechanism used for the thinking processes by claiming that varied languages with their specific syntactic constructions and concepts lacking absolute equivalents in other languages, the assumption that the bilingual classroom environment is beneficial for enhancing the levels of the students’ linguistic proficiency. Even if the constructions and concepts of a specific language affect the students’ perspectives upon the discussed concepts and perception of the academic materials, the acquisition of the second language will help extend the students’ views on concrete academic problems and enhancing their understanding of specific issues. Regarding the positive political implications of creating the bilingual environment in an elementary Saudi Arabian school, it can be stated that with the current situation in the international area, the introduction of the early immersion programs and enhancing the levels of the students’ proficiency in the English language as a language of global communications is significant for establishing positive relations with other countries. Taking into account that the religious extremism and cultural peculiarities of Saudi Arabian community predetermined the international criticism of the country, its officials and citizens for their involvement into the terrorism financing affairs, the measures need to be imposed for updating the national culture and educat ional programs. Balancing the social coloring of the school curricula with the needs of the new community and the tension in the international relations with the other countries in the aftermath of the events of the September 11, the basic concepts of the Saudi Arabian Muslim culture need to be preserved in the school curriculum. It is essential to create a positive bilingual environment and prevent suppression of the local culture so that to foster the students’ comprehensive development. In that regard, the partial immersion model can contribute to the students’ comprehensive development complying not only with their academic needs but also satisfying their social and spiritual demands which are significant for the process of their socialization. The framework of 5Cs is the most appropriate approach to balancing the various educational demands in developing a practical language teaching program, including the community, connections, culture, comparisons, and communic ation. The main burden of evaluating and controlling the levels of the students’ linguistic proficiency in both Arabian and English languages is put upon the educators. For this reason, special attention should be paid to the teachers’ immersion training and attitudes towards the establishment of the innovative model at the Saudi Arabian elementary school. With the recent shift towards the language teaching models based upon operation of the language materials instead of focusing on theoretical issues, the establishment of the early immersion program in the elementary Saudi Arabian school would allow the school going with the times even though would require additional efforts of the educators and administrators for balancing the different objectives of the curriculum and controlling the effectiveness of its establishment for preventing the possible hazards of the reverse effects. The choice of a new immersion strategy is also significant because it would allow taking t he advantages of the relatively homogeneous linguistic environment in the class and the relative simplicity of the curriculum. Though there was no evidence of decreasing the students’ academic performance due to the second language instructions in the 50% of the study areas, the measures need to be imposed for controlling the levels of the students’ academic performance and second language comprehension which need to be sufficient for solving challenging academic problems. Reference List Baker, C. Sienkewicz, A. (2002). The care and education of young bilinguals: An introduction for professionals. Tonawanda, NY: Multilingual Matters Ltd. Baker, C. (2001). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism. (4th ed.) Multilingual Matters. Blanchard, C. Prados, A. (September 2007) Saudi Arabia: Terrorist financing issues. CRS Report for Congress. Web. Donato, R. Tucker, G. (2010). A tale of two schools: Developing sustainable early foreign language programs. Tonawand a, NY: Multilingual Matters. Garcia, O. Baker, C. (2007). Bilingual education: An introductory reader. Tonawanda, NY: Multilingual Matters. Garcia, O. (2009). Bilingual education in the 21st Century. Benefits of Bilingualism (pp. 93-107). Multilingual Matters. Khan, A. and Aziz, K. (March 2011) Role of applied linguistics in the teaching of English in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of English Linguistics, 1 (1), 105-113. Lee, O., Luykx, A., Buxton, C., Shaver, A. (November 2007). The challenge of altering elementary school teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding linguistic and cultural diversity in science instruction. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44(9), 1269-1291. Lindholm-Leary, K. (2001). Dual language education. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. Lyster, R. (2007). Learning and teaching languages through content: A counterbalanced approach. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins Publishing. Ryan, K. Cooper, J. (2010). Those who can, teach. Boston, MA : Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Saunders, Semonsky, C. Spielberger, M. (2004). Early language learning: A model for success. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. This coursework on The Establishment of an Immersion Program at a Prep Elementary School in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Ishaan T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

English Prose Study Essay Essays - English-language Films

English Prose Study Essay Essays - English-language Films English Prose Study Essay Miss Havisham is first introduced to the reader when Mr Pumblechook (Pips Uncle) announces that Miss Havisham Requests Pips presence to play at her house. Miss Havisham fits into the main plot because she trains Estella to break their hearts. When Pip sees Estella for the fist time, he instantly falls in love with her. Miss Havisham sees this and she encourages Pip to do so. Miss Havisham was also, in Pips eyes, the cause of his Great expectations Miss Havisham may also have been placed in the novel by Dickens, To explore how the effects of bad experiences on people. In this case it would be Miss Havisham being jilted on her wedding day In the first description of Satis house you get the image of a dilapidated house that has been abandoned even though there is someone there still living there. When pip goes to miss Havishams house she asks him to touch her heart. This according to her is Broken. When Miss Havisham says I sometimes have sick fancies this shows that Miss Havisham is mentally disturbed in the head. Satis house is an old decaying house, which was turned this way by Miss Havishams neglect. When Pip returns to miss Havishams she takes him into her wedding breakfast room. There is a rotting cake in the middle of the table. This sums up Miss Havishams life perfectly. Forgotten and Mouldy. Another thing that is made out to be strange is that al the clocks have been stopped at twenty to nine. This makes it sound like her life has been frozen in time, as she also wore one shoe, half her veil was arranged and she still wore a decaying wedding dress. This makes the readers believe that she has frozen time at that exact point. Miss Havisham plays an important part in the Novel as she leads pip into believing that she was his benefactor because he believed that she was rearing him for Estella when in fact it was the convict (Magwitch). Miss Havishams character at the beginning of the novel is made out to be cruel and heartless, however later on in the novel she turns over a new leaf and begs for Pips forgiveness just before she is burnt to death. Charles Dickens explores the theme of sin and forgiveness in the novel. Throughout the novel some of the people who have sinned tried to redeem themselves the other people who have sinned havent. In addition, Dickens explores the theme of what is a gentle man. Compyson Who jilted Miss Havisham and manipulated Magwitch into doing his dirty work was considered a gentle man whereas Joe Gargery took in pip even though he was not related to him in any way took Pip in and gave him an aprentaship at the forge was not considered a gentle man because he had to work for a living. Dickens explores many themes in the Novel. The main one being the effects on people after a bad experience. In this case this is through Miss Havisham. Miss Havisham dearly loved Compyson and she cast away most of her family who forewarned her that he was trouble, But she ignored them all and when she got jilted by him on her wedding day she realised that her family were right. After this Miss Havisham adopted Estella so she could raise her up to be invulnerable to the effects of society were in actual fact she was more vulnerable when she grew up. Miss Havisham also raised her up to break there heart of men. This in a way is revenge for what Compyson put Miss Havisham Through. Another theme in the novel is sin and forgiveness. In Victorian society many people went to church so many people believed in Heaven and Hell. Throughout the novel many people sin. Magwitch, Compyson, Miss Havisham Orlick and many more. Some of these people try to redeem themselves like Magwitch who became a secret benefactor to Pip. I sleep rough so you can sleep smooth also Miss Havisham realises that that she has destroyed two peoples lives. She tries to redeem herself by grovelling to Pip. Oh

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Risk management - Research Paper Example Demand for transparency has increased and expectations are rising for companies to evaluate report and improve their environmental, social, and economic performance. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) does not have intricate definition. According to McWilliams and Siegel (2001) â€Å"actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interest of the firm and that which is required by law† (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001, p. 117). CSR is more than compliance with the law. Frooman (1997) exemplifies CSR as â€Å"An action by a firm, which the firm chooses to take, that substantially affects an identifiable social stakeholder’s welfare† (Frooman, 1997 p.227). In the light of these definitions, CSR can be viewed as a comprehensive set of rules, practices, programs, and policies that are incorporated into supply chain, business operations, and decision-making processes of the company. CSR usually include community investment, business ethics, governance, envi ronmental concerns, human rights, workplace, as well as the market place. When it comes to Business performance, this is an area where companies pay great deal of attention since it provides integral information about the success and position of the company as well as development and future standpoint. All business operations, in one way or other, revolve around the targeted goal of an organization that is contributing to the success of the business. Business performance provides a neutral description of the efficiency and effectiveness of the company’s action. It can be characterized with attributes such as poor or well. Business performance is considered as vital area of interest for the top management of firm. Several elements contribute to the success or failure of the company. CSR is one such variable that contributes to the well-being, reputation, and financial performance of the company. This paper seeks to investigate the impact of CSR practices on firm’s perfo rmance. A critical analysis of prior literature conducted in the same field will be provided in order to evaluate the causal relationship between the two variables. Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Financial Performance Ways in which companies implement practices of corporate social responsibility differs from one another. These differences are based on factors such as respective industry involved, size of company, demands of stakeholders, business culture of the firm, and historical progress of company while dealing with CSR. Numbers of studies have been conducted in order to test the relationship between ethical and social performance of corporation and its impact on financial performance. Erhemjamts, Li, and Venkateswaran, (2012) conducted a study to investigate the determinants of CSR and its implications on the organizational strategy, investment policy, and performance of the business. Erhemjamts, Li, and Venkateswaran, (2012) found that firms having higher R &D intensity, better performance and financial health are more likely to engage in Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) activities, whereas riskers firms are less likely to involve in such activities (Erhemjamts, Li, and Venkateswaran, 2012). Stanwick, and Stanwick, (1998) conducted a study to investigate the relationship between corporate social responsibility of a business with financial perform

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Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography - Essay Example Nevertheless, he tried as much as possible to stick to his initial outline. Franklin spent about 12 years compiling his work and this had an effect on his overall autobiography. This essay will therefore analyze factors in Franklin’s autobiography that makes his work unified. The essay will also, analyze the effect of time in development of the autobiography particularly to its effectiveness and themes development. The most interesting aspect of the autobiography is that it describes Franklin’s development process. Precisely, the autobiography starts with an unprofessional Franklin and ends with a political leader. The book therefore gives a systematic description of franklin’s development. For instance, he stood out among other boys of his age. He claimed, â€Å"I was commonly allowed to govern, especially in any case of difficulty; and upon other occasions I was generally a leader among the boys and sometimes led them into scrapes† (Welliot, 1909, p. 9). Franklin begins by identifying temperance, order resolution, sincerity, industry, and tranquility as some of the important qualities that he needed to develop. This infers that he had long-term goals and plans to achieve. By coming up with the stated factors, Franklin aimed at identifying his weaknesses and those of the entire American society. Franklin also proved that the American dream is achievable through his devised systematic development process. The identification process took place in his early twenties. This infers that the objectives outlined at the beginning of the autobiography could have been lifelong achievements. Although Franklin did not develop an explicit period for his objectives, his book gives a systematic approach to his initial problems. This proves that the book had a relatively high degree of organization despite the long time he took to write it. The systematic development of the author as shown in the book proves the book to be a highly unified book. Fra nklin’s autobiography therefore begins by presenting a problem and ends with a systematic solution to the problem. The systematic development of a solution proves without a doubt that Franklin’s book is a highly unified book. Although Franklin wrote his book in parts, the autobiography has a unified structure, which combined the four basic parts into a whole manuscript. This aspect proves that its author had a plan that enabled him develop the book. The book describes Franklin through his development in a systematic format. He continually gave an encounter of his commitment to development throughout the biography. For instance while he was living in London, he claimed, â€Å"most part of the time I worked hard at my business, and spent but little upon myself except in seeing plays and in books† (Welliot, 1909, p. 47). He tried to maintain his focus on a unified biography but at times, it was not possible due to the realities of life. Therefore, some of the disco ntinuities correspond with realities in the author’s life. In fact, presenting the realities of the author’s life contributes to the development of the major theme of development in the biography. Theme development is the second factor that proves the organization standards or the unification level in the book. Acquisition of wealth, moral excellence, and improvement of communication skills are the central themes of the book. To realize a full development of these themes, the autobiograp

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Mass midia - Essay Example Information sharing in digital platform has formed the newest trend in mass communication. Digital media, such as social sites and digital newspapers has enhanced the feedback process in terms of speed, accuracy and availability of specific information about respondents (Campbell 2012). Traditional mass media includes radio, televisions, newspapers and magazines. The feedback mechanism in these media is complex in nature due to lengthy manual process. Submitting a feedback to a media house regarding a program involves writing a letter to the program manager or a newspaper editor. This process is tedious in nature and can sometimes be futile. This is because the feedback letters may get misplaced or loss due to incorrect addresses. In addition, the process takes a lot of time and the feedback may lose its importance during transit. The cost of tendering a feedback is a hindrance in traditional mass media. This is because sending of feedback is requires posting letters that may not be beneficial to the audience. As such, traditional means of mass media receive less feedback. Digital feedback mechanisms have proven to be more efficient and are already phasing out traditional feedback mechanism. This is because many mass media platforms have gone online where respondents can post feedback at the click of a button. This makes the feedback process costless and thus more feedback is received. In addition to quick tendering of feedbacks, the editors of the news receive the feedbacks immediately and may respond accordingly. This enhances the relationship between the audience and the news media (Levine 2012). This has an overall advantage of expanding the audience base of the digital media platforms. Moreover, feedback in digital media has been boosted by the fact that the audience can chat and discuss over contentious issues. This creates royalty between the audience and the news vendor. From the feedbacks received, the number of

Should Young Offenders Be Tried as Adults?

Should Young Offenders Be Tried as Adults? Before Victorian times there were no age district for young offenders and all who got in trouble with the law were send to adult prisons. In our days crime is everywhere, children and young people making crimes starting from drugs and gangs all the way to murder. Young offenders committing more and more crimes these days. For most children and young people, getting into trouble is part of the normal business of growing up, testing the boundaries and finding ones place in the world. There are many reasons why children and young persons start committing crimes: violence at home, money problems, bored dome, learning problems, poor housing, availability of alcohol and drugs, friends influence, low grades at school and etc. Should children and young offenders be treated differently from adults? Social reformers campaigned to protect children from danger and exploitation. One of their key demands was that children should be removed from the adult prison system and placed in privately managed institutions. Mary Carpenter, who argued that three types of institutions were required, free schools for the deprived, industrial schools for young vagrants and beggars, and reformatories for convicted youngsters. (Rutheford, 1986) In England and Wales no child may be guilty of a criminal offence below the age of ten. Between the ages of ten and eighteen, young offenders are dealt with in what is now referred to the youth court, distinguishable in style and approach from the adult magistrates courts, which together with the Crown court, deal with offenders aged 18 or above. (Newburn, 2007) Children who are under ten years old are not responsible and cannot be held for their crimes, they are too young of understanding of consequences of their actions, however in our society today we hear more children under age of ten committing very serious crimes which they should not be doing. For example The Young brothers who subjected two other boys to a 90-minute attack involving torture and sexual humiliation the pair were jailed in January this year to serve at least five years. The media covered the case extensively. The presiding Judge had set a minimum detention period of five years, because the risk the defendants posed to the public and their lack of apparent remorse meant that they were likely to be locked away for considerably longer. (www.guardian.co.uk )The sentences handed to the two brothers who subjected a pair of boys to an attack involving prolonged sadistic violence and sexual humiliation, were appropriate and will not be referred to the court of appeal, according to the statement issued by attorney general Lady Scotland. The trial judge, Mr Justice Keith, jailed the brothers, for a minimum of five years, but the sentences were indeterminate, meaning they ca n only be released if the authorities believe they pose no threat to society. It is important to note that in this case the child protection services had failed the public. If the department had taken action against the perpetrators and made thorough investigation as the boys had a long record of violent attacks against other children and adults, this would have been prevented. Youth between age 14 17 are fully responsible for crimes they commit, but they are treated differently from adults, on the other hand if young offenders are able to commit adult crimes why they should be treated differently? Newburn points out many of the social reformers in the nineteenth century who campaigned to protect children from danger and exploitation demanded that they should be removed from the adult prison system and placed in state funded institutions. (Newburn, 2007) Children Act 1908 barred under 14s from prison and restricted the imprisonment of 14 -15 years old. Young people with experience of custody are likely to be the most at risk of reoffending. This is because they are often the most detached from education, training and employment, and are more likely to misuse drugs and alcohol and have mental health issues, which are all know risk factors (Martin Stephenson, 2007). If young offenders will be treated the same way as adults it is more likely they will commit crimes again, because they will be released from adults prison and will have different point of view then realising from juvenile prison or custody. Bob Holman points out that the move to lock up young people reflected a trend amongst adult offenders. Between December 1992 and December 1993, the proportion of offenders jailed by Crown courts rose from 40 per cent to 52 per cent, with the prison population reaching a record nearly 50,000. Custody must have a place in any justice system. Some people are so violent, so criminal, that their liberty must be removed in order to protect others. (Holman, 1995) The Crime and disorder Act 1998 made really big changes the way England and Wales courts are dealing with young offenders. Under principle, children aged 10 to 13 were presumed to be incapable of criminal intent unless this intent was proved beyond reasonable doubt. Since the 1998 Act there is no longer any legal requirement for the criminal courts to take formal account of a childs age when assessing their culpability. (Hayden, 2007) The population of young people housed in prisons and other secure accommodation is exceedingly needy. Almost one third of young offenders in custody have mental health problems and over half have borderline learning difficulties. The result is that children in custody typically have literacy and numeracy ages some four to five years below their chronological ages. One third was reporting that they take drugs not get high, but just to feel normal (Newburn, 2007) . The British Survey find out that 12 month before entering prison 13 per cent of male young offenders on remand and 11 per cent of those sentenced to custody has received help or treatment for a mental or emotional problem. (Newburn, 2007) In conclusion children and adolescents havent been always treated all that differently from adults. Adolescent is the period in which young people appear to engage in anti social activities including crime. For the majority there is a marked fall in criminal behaviour during early adult life, though a minority continues to persist in their offending carrees. In many ways, therefore, in relation to controlling crime, the aim has been the management of this problem population. For the whole of the last century and into this, children and young offenders have also been seen as a group necessitating an approach different from that employed with adults. (Newburn, 2007) Bibliography www.homeoffice.gov.uk   www.guardian.co.uk   Hayden, C. (2007). Children in trouble. New York: Palgrave Macmillan   Holman, B. (1995). Children Crime. Lion Publishing plc   Martin Stephenson, H. G. (2007). Effective Practise in Youth Justice. Canada: Willan Publishing Newburn, T. (2007). Criminology. Canada: Willan Publishing   Rutheford, A. (1986). Growing out of crime: Society and Young people in trouble. Penguin

The Individual vs. Society in Mrs. Warrens Profession Essay -- Mrs. W

Often in life there is a conflict between what is good for the individual and the moral values placed upon the individual by society.   This is true of the characters in George Bernard Shaw's play Mrs. Warren's Profession.   Shaw clearly demonstrates that actions frowned upon by society are not necessarily evil so long as they benefit the individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps the most obvious example of societal morals conflicting with individual need is the case of Mrs. Kitty Warren.   Mrs. Warren is a woman whose economic standing and lack of any professional skills forced her into becoming a prostitute. Obviously such a profession is against the beliefs of the society that she lives in.   Not only is she not ashamed of her occupation, she is proud of the amount of money that it, as well as managing several houses of prostitution, has made for her. When asked of any shame about her job by her daughter she states, "Well of course dearie, it's only good manners to be ashamed of it: it's expected of a woman." This statement shows that the only reason that one would be ashamed of it is because of society says that one should be.   She feels that the restrictions that society has placed on women has made it impossible for her to pursue any other lifestyle.   She demonstrates this by saying, "It's far better than any other emp loyment open to [women]...   It can't be right, Vivie, that there shouldn't be better opportunities for women."   Shaw is attempting to evoke sympathy for the character of Mrs. Warren by pitting her against a society that is against her.   He is quite obviously in favor of the actions that Mrs. Warren has taken, as demonstrated by the very reasonable rationalization for what she has done and the approving reaction of her daughte... ...in acting as the representative of Shaw's views, is constantly blowing off his attempts at winning her affection.   Finally gives up his attempts when he realizes how her mother earns the money. He states , "I really can' bring myself to touch the old woman's money now."   Vivie is quite glad to be rid of him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shaw's opinions on society against the individual are clearly outlined in this play.   Through the actions and words of the character Vivie it can be clearly seen that he finds nothing wrong with breaking the rules placed on people by society, providing that it is for a good reason and not simply for self indulgence.   The conclusion could be drawn that Shaw feels that these morals are fine in a perfect society, but since we do not live in one they must be broken occasionally in order to attain a better life, providing that it is done only in moderation.